Connection between Mechanical Relaxation and Equilibration Kinetics in a High-Entropy Metallic Glass.

The slow transition from an out-of-equilibrium glass towards a supercooled liquid is a complex relaxation phenomenon. In this Letter, we study the correlation between mechanical relaxation and equilibration kinetics in a Pd_{20}Pt_{20}Cu_{20}Ni_{20}P_{20} high-entropy metallic glass. The evolution of stress relaxation with aging time was obtained with an unprecedented detail, allowing us to pinpoint new interesting features. The long structural relaxation towards equilibrium contains a wide distribution of activation energies, instead of being just associated to the ß relaxation as commonly accepted. The stress relaxation time can be correlated with the equilibration rate and we observe a decrease of microstructural heterogeneity which contrasts with an increase of dynamic heterogeneity. These results significantly enhance our insight of the interplay between relaxation dynamics and thermodynamics in metallic glasses.

[Design for online monitoring of occupational hazard factors based on internet of things].

At present, there are disadvantages with the detection for occupational hazard factors, such as insufficient monitoring data, poor timeliness, weak representativeness, long detection cycles, and inability to continuously monitor. Taking advantages of internet of things technology, an online monitoring platform for occupational hazard factors has been designed. The platform collects the concentration (intensity) of hazard factors through sensors, transmits the occupational hazards data collected online in realtime. The online monitoring cloud center for occupational hazard factors processes and analyzes online monitoring data in realtime, stores the hazard factors data to form database management, and provides user application services to form an intelligent online monitoring service model for occupational hazard factors. Based on the online monitoring platform of occupational hazard factors, multi-level government health supervision departments and employers can grasp the status of hazard factors in real time, which is conducive to improving the level of occupational hazard supervision.

[Application status of CFD technology in occupational hazard control].

In the process of occupational hazard management, computational fluid dynamics technology can be used to reflect the distribution pattern of occupational hazards in the production process, so as to quickly and accurately guide the formulation of occupational disease prevention and control programs. This paper summarizes and analyzes the current research results on the prevention and control of occupational hazards in workplaces through computational fluid dynamics technology, and describes the application of these research results in the process of occupational disease prevention and control. On this basis, this paper presents the problems and application limitations of existing research and points out the future key research directions, which are of great reference value for guiding further systematic and in-depth research on simulation, experimentation and management of occupational hazards that can cause occupational diseases.

Erratum: Intrinsic Correlation between the Fraction of Liquidlike Zones and the ß Relaxation in High-Entropy Metallic Glasses [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 175501 (2022)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.175501.

Intrinsic Correlation between the Fraction of Liquidlike Zones and the ß Relaxation in High-Entropy Metallic Glasses.

Lacking the structural information of crystalline solids, the origin of the relaxation dynamics of metallic glasses is unclear. Here, we report the evolution of stress relaxation of high-entropy metallic glasses with distinct ß relaxation behavior. The fraction of liquidlike zones, determined at each temperature by the intensity of stress decay, is shown to be directly related to both the aging process and the spectrum of relaxation modes obtained by mechanical spectroscopy. The results shed light on the intrinsic correlation between the static and dynamic mechanical response in high-entropy and conventional metallic glasses, pointing toward a sluggish diffusion high-entropy effect in the liquid dynamics.

[CXCL5 inhibits tumor immune of lung cancer via modulating PD1/PD-L1 signaling].

Objective: To investigate the role of CXCL5 in tumor immune of lung cancer and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: A total of 62 cases of patients with lung cancer admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University from May 2018 to December 2019 were recruited as study object. Another 20 cases of patients with pulmonary infectious diseases and 20 cases of healthy control were selected as control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum levels of CXCL5 in patients with lung cancer, pulmonary infectious diseases and healthy control. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to detect the expressions of CXCL5 and PD-1/PD-L1 in tumor and paracarcinoma tissues of patients with lung cancer. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between CXCL5 and PD-1 in tumor and paracarcinoma tissues of patients with lung cancer. Lewis cells either expressing CXCL5 or vector plasmids were used to establish C57BL/6J mice model of lung cancer, and all mice were then divided into vehicle and PD-1 antibody treatment groups, 10 mice for each group. The mice survival and tumor growth curves were recorded. IHC was used to evaluate the expressions of CXCL5, PD-1 as well as the proportions of CD8(+) T and Treg cells in xenograft tumor tissues. Results: In patients with lung cancer, the serum level of CXCL5 [(351.7±51.5) ng/L] was significant higher than that in patients with pulmonary infectious diseases and healthy control [(124.7±23.4) ng/L, P<0.001]. The expression levels of CXCL5 (0.136±0.034), CXCR2 (0.255±0.050), PD-1 (0.054±0.012) and PD-L1 (0.350±0.084) in tumor were significant higher than those in paracarcinoma normal tissues [(0.074±0.022), (0.112±0.023), (0.041±0.007) and (0.270±0.043) respectively, P<0.001]. CXCL5 was significant positively correlated with PD-1 in tumor tissues of lung cancer (r=0.643, P<0.001), but not correlated with PD-1 in paracarcinoma tissues(r=0.088, P=0.496). The vector control group, CXCL5 overexpression group, vector control + anti-PD-1 antibody treatment group and CXCL5 overexpression + anti-PD-1 antibody treatment group all successfully formed tumors in mice, while CXCL5 overexpression increased the tumor growth significantly (P<0.01), which was abrogated by the treatment of anti-PD-1 antibody. CXCL5 overexpression decreased the mice survival time significantly (P<0.01), this effect was also abrogated by the treatment of anti-PD-1 antibody. The proportion of CD8(+) T cells in CXCL5 overexpression group [(10.40±2.00)%] was significant lower than that in vector control group [(21.20±3.30)%, P=0.002]. The proportion of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells in CXCL5 overexpression group [(38.40±3.70)%] was significant higher than that in vector control group [(23.30±2.25)%, P<0.001]. After the treatment of anti-PD-1 antibody, no significant difference were observed for the proportion of CD8(+) T cells [(34.10±5.00)% and (33.40±4.00)% respectively] and Treg cells [(14.70±3.50)% and (14.50±3.30)% respectively] in xenograft tumor tissues between CXCL5 overexpression+ anti-PD-1 antibody treatment group and vector control + anti-PD-1 antibody treatment group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The expressions of CXCL5 and PD-1/PD-L1 are all increased significantly in the tumor tissues of patients with lung cancer, CXCL5 may inhibit tumor immune of lung cancer via modulating PD-1/PD-L1 signaling.

[Study on the diffusion of hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic fluoride plant based on CFD numerical simulation method].

Objective: Using CFD technology to grasp the distribution and diffusion of hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic fluorine plant, provide guidance and scientific basis for enterprises to carry out occupational health management in enterprises, install hazardous substance alarm devices, and protect workers' occupational health. Methods: In July 2019, the diffusion law of hydrogen fluoride gas produced in an electrolytic fluorine plant is selected as the research object. Through the establishment of models and grids, the Fluent numerical simulation method is finally used to simulate the diffusion and distribution of hydrogen fluoride gas under ventilation conditions. Results: The results showed that the average concentration of hydrogen fluoride was 0.045 mg/m(3) in the workplace, and the absorbed zone height (1.5 m) was 0.02 mg/m(3) in the inspection channel, which was in accordance with the national standard. However, there is eddy current above the electrolyzer near the inlet, may lead to the accumulation of hydrogen fluoride gas. Conclusion: The research of CFD numerical simulation method on the distribution and diffusion of hydrogen fluoride concentration in electrolytic fluorine plant can be applied to the prevention, control and management of occupational hazards in electrolytic fluorine plant.

[Association between perception of community environment and physical activity in residents in Suzhou].

Objective: To estimate physical activity level in residents in Suzhou and explore the association between community environment and physical activity level in local residents. Methods: Through multistage stratified random sampling, residents aged 25-64 years in Suzhou were surveyed by face-to face interview in 2017. Physical activity levels were assessed by the international physical activity questionnaire-long version (IPAQ-L). Perceptions of community environment were assessed by Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale-Abbreviated (NEWS-A). Results: Among the local residents surveyed in Suzhou,the median of weekly total physical activity level was 3 610.42 MET-min/w. The level of occupational physical activity was higher than that of transportation, household and leisure-time related physical activity levels. After controlling for socio-demographic factors, public service access was negatively associated with the overall physical activity level (OR=0.522,95%CI:0.329-0.830), land-use mix-diversity was negatively associated with the level of occupational physical activity level (OR=0.701,95%CI: 0.492-0.999), infrastructure of walk and cycle ways was positively associated with occupational physical activity level (OR=1.603,95%CI:1.004-2.559); traffic hazards were negatively associated with the transportation physical activity level (OR=0.642,95%CI: 0.416-0.990); residential building density was positively associated with leisure-time physical activity level (OR=1.001,95%CI: 1.000-1.002), and the perceptions level of community environment were positively associated with the occupational, transportation, household and overall physical activity levels (OR=1.889,95%CI: 1.176-3.033;OR=1.671,95%CI: 1.120-2.495;OR=1.775,95%CI: 1.143-2.756;OR=1.593,95%CI: 1.079-2.350). Conclusion: Improving infrastructure of walk and cycle ways and beautifying community environment play an important role in increasing the physical activity level of the residents.

[Association between perceived built environment attributes and adults' leisure-time physical activity in four cities of China].

Objective: To explore the associations between perceived built environment attributes and adults' leisure-time physical activity in four cities of China. Methods: Multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select adults aged 25 to 64 in Hangzhou, Suzhou, Chengdu, and Qingdao. Data were collected from June 2017 to July 2018. The perception of the urban built environment was assessed by the neighborhood environment walkability scale-abbreviated (NEWS-A), and the physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the relationship between the perceived built environment and leisure-time physical activities. Results: A total of 3 789 participants were included in the analysis. After adjusting for potential confounders, better access to public services (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.02-1.75) and higher aesthetic quality (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.09-1.73) were positively associated with the possibility of engaging in leisure-time physical activity in the past week. Similarly, these two attributes were positively associated with leisure-time walking. Higher scores on the perception of street connectivity were positively associated with leisure-time walking [exp(ß)=1.09, 95%CI: 1.00-1.19]. Higher residential density [exp(ß)=1.000 4, 95%CI:1.000 0-1.000 8], better access to physical activity destinations[exp(ß)=1.09, 95%CI: 1.00-1.19], and better aesthetics [exp(ß)=1.11, 95%CI:1.00-1.22] were associated with higher leisure-time physical activity. Similarly, these three attributes were positively associated with the possibility of meeting the WHO recommendations. Conclusion: Changing some urban built environment attributes may increase leisure-time physical activity.

Trial of Chloroquines in the Treatment of COVID-19 and Its Research Progress in Forensic Toxicology.

ABSTRACT: Chloroquines are the long-established prescription drug, which are often used clinically to treat malaria and connective tissue diseases. Since December 2019, corona virus disease 2019 （COVID-19） outbreaks caused by 2019 novel coronavirus （2019-nCoV） has occurred in China and many countries around the world. Due to the lack of drugs against COVID-19, the disease spreads rapidly and the mortality rate is relatively high. Therefore, specific drugs against 2019-nCoV need to be quickly screened. The antimalarial drug chloroquine phosphate which has already been approved is confirmed to have an anti-2019-nCoV effect and has been included in diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. However, awareness of the risk of chloroquine phosphate causing acute poisoning or even death should be strengthened. The current dosage recommended in clinical treatment is larger than that in previous treatment of malaria and the period of treatment is longer. Many provinces have required close clinical monitoring of adverse reactions. This paper reviews the pharmacological effects, poisoning and toxicological mechanisms, in vivo metabolism and distribution, and forensic issues of chloroquine drugs, in order to provide help to forensic practice and clinical work.

[A review and update of the potential impact of the built environment on physical activity and dietary habits].

With the accelerated urbanization process, there are growing interests in the potential impact of neighborhood built-environment on residents' physical activity and dietary habits. In this paper, we introduced the concept of the built environment and the ways to assess the built-environment related to physical activity and dietary habits. We reviewed papers on the association of the built-environment with physical activity and dietary habits. Improvement of the built-environment is expected to reduce the health burden caused by insufficient physical activity and unhealthy dietary habits. As this field is still at its initial stage, there are many questions to be explored. We then discussed the challenges for this field and made some suggestions for future study.

[Expression and correlation of Fra-1 and HMGA1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma].

Objective: To investigate the expressions of Fra-1 and HMGA1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation. Methods: Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expressions of HMGA1 and Fra-1 in laryngeal squamous carcinoma tissues in 47 cases and para-carcinoma tissues in 21 cases(the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang). The relationship between the gene expressions in carcinoma tissues and clinopathological parameters such as pathological grade, clinical stage, lymph metastasis, age and anatomic site and the relevance of the two gene expressions were analyzed. SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The positive expression rates of Fra-1 and HMGA1 proteins in laryngeal squamous cancer tissue were 48.9% and 53.2%, which were respectively higher than the rates of 19.0% for Fra-1 (χ(2)=5.416, P<0.05) and of 23.8% for HMGA1 (χ(2)=5.083, P<0.05) in adjacent tissues. The expression of Fra-1 gene was correlation with pathological grade, clinical stage and lymph metastasis (t values were -1.079, -1.066 and -1.067, all P<0.05), but not with age and anatomic site (t values were -1.068 and -1.054, both P>0.05). The expression of HMGA1 gene was correlation with pathological grade, clinical stage, lymph metastasis and age (t values were -1.112, -1.065, -1.009 and -1.066, all P<0.05), but not with anatomic site (t=-1.036, P>0.05). The expressions of Fra-1 and HMGA1 gene were positively correlation (r=0.672, P<0.05). Conclusions: In laryngeal squamous cancer, Fra-1 and HMGA1 are excessive expression, with a positive correlation between the expressions of both genes.

[Expression of Fra-1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma].

Objective:To investigate expressions of Fra-1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Method:Using immunohistochemical method and RT-PCR detecting 47 cases of laryngeal squamous carcinoma tissues and 21 cases of para-carcinoma tissues with the level of protein and mRNA, we analyzed the relationship of the genes expression and clinical parameters. Result:The level of protein positive expression of Fra-1 genes in laryngeal squamous cancer tissue were higher than adiacent tissues (P<0.05). The expression of Fra-1 protein in laryngeal squamous cancer tissue were significant correlation with the clinical stages, lymph metastasis, smoking. They had no significant correlation with the pathological grade, age, anatomic zonation. The mRNA level expression of Fra-1 genes in laryngeal squamous cancer tissue were higher than adjacent tissues (P<0.01). The expression of Fra-1 gene in the mRNA level was correlated with pathologic stage, clinical stage, lymph metastasis, and smoking, but wasn't correlated with age and anatomic zonation. Conclusion:In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, the expression of Fra-1 gene are overexpressed. Fra-1 may play a role in the occurrence and development of the laryngeal cancer.

[The regulation of CD44 expression by new tumor suppressor gene Arid2 and the influence of Arid2 on the invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a new tumor-suppressor gene Arid2 on the expression level of CD44 and the mechanism that Arid2 regulates the invasion and metastasis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 and Huh7. METHODS: Recombinant pGL3-CD44 reporter plasmids were transfected into hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 cells infected with adenovirus Arid2(Ad-Arid2). Dual luciferase assays were used to determine the relative luciferase activities of reporter plasmids. Western blot technique was used to detect the influence of Arid2 on the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein CD44. Cell migration assays of tumor cells were employed to observe the impact of overexpression of Arid2 on the invasion and metastasis abilities of tumor cells. The sizes of transplanted tumors were recorded to observe the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumors in nude mice. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons, and independent-samples t-test was utilized to compare two groups. RESULTS: Luciferase assay showed cells were transfected with different length of CD44 reporter plasmids, and their relative luciferase activities were improved to different degrees, compared with pGL3-Basic control. Meanwhile, the mean luciferase activities of pGL3-CD44 -791~+224bp reporter plasmids were significantly repressed by the overexpression of Arid2 which inhibition rates were up to 73.83%±0.92%(P< 0.05, HepG2) or 48.99%±1.37% (P <0.05, Huh7), compared with Ad-GFP control. Western blot results showed that CD44 protein expression was obviously decreased by overexpression of Arid2. Cell migration assays confirmed that the invasion and metastasis abilities were inhibited by increasing Arid2 expression in Human HepG2 or Huh7 cells, which inhibition rates were 66.95%±0.59%(P< 0.05)in HepG2 cells and 73.86%±0.49%(P< 0.05) in Huh7 cells respectively. The animal experiment results indicated that Arid2 could obviously delay or restrict the subcutaneous transplanted tumors growth in nude mice, which was declined by 98.57%±0.34%(P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: CD44 promoter activities and protein expressions were significantly down-regulated by Arid2 in vitro. The growth and metastasis of tumors were obviously restrained in the hepatocellular carcinoma cells and nude models. In brief, these researches indicate CD44 may play important roles in the process where the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells are under the control of Arid2.The studies introduce and evaluate the relationships between Arid2 and CD44, and further provide a new research direction with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Prognostic role of microRNA-100 in patients with bladder cancer.

We investigated the clinical significance and prognostic value of microRNA-100 (miR-100) in bladder cancer. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the expression of miR-100 in 92 pairs of human bladder cancer and adjacent normal tissue samples. Overall survival (OS) curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and were evaluated for statistical significance using a log-rank test. The significance of different variables with respect to survival was analyzed using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The miR-100 expression level was significantly lower in bladder cancer tissues than in normal adjacent tissues (mean ± SD: 1.49 ± 0.52 vs 2.79 ± 0.59, P < 0.05). A low miR-100 expression level was correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.023), tumor grade (P = 0.031), and regional lymph node involvement (P = 0.16). Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test indicated that low miR-100 expression had a significant impact on OS (35.1 vs 75.3%; P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that the miR-100 expression level was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 2.768, 95%CI = 1.287-8.992; P = 0.009) in bladder cancer patients. The present study demonstrated that the downregulation of miR-100 was associated with advanced clinical features and poor prognosis for bladder cancer patients, suggesting that miR-100 downregulation may be used as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer.

Development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers in topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) and determination of their applicability in Culter mongolicus.

Fifteen new polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for Culter alburnus. In 32 individuals representing a wild population of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, Hubei, China, the number of alleles at these loci varied between 2 and 10, with an average of 5.5. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.664 and 0.681, respectively. The polymorphism information content of 11 loci was more than 0.5 whereas that of the other 4 loci was less than 0.5 but more than 0.25. In addition, the genomes of 30 C. mongolicus individuals were successfully amplified with these primer pairs, indicating that the primer pairs were applicable for the related species, C. mongolicus.

Serotyping of chlamydial clinical isolates from birds with monoclonal antibodies.

Forty-nine avian chlamydial strains, isolated mainly from various regions in France and from different species of birds, were analyzed and tested with a panel of nine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by the indirect microimmunofluorescence test (MIF). The MAbs included five serovar-specific MAbs, three MAbs raised against Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pecorum ovine strains, and one genus-specific MAb. Of the 49 isolates, 41 came from parrots or budgerigars; the rest were from pigeons, a canary, a duck, and a dove. Two additional strains were from unknown hosts. Most of these avian strains were successfully serotyped according to their reactions with five serovar-specific MAbs by the MIF test. The serovars of 44 strains were determined: 39 were of serovar A, 3 of serovar B, and 2 of serovar E. The remaining five isolates were unclassified because they did not react with any of five serovar-specific MAbs but did react with genus MAb or the MAbs produced with ovine strains. The five unclassified isolates (two from budgerigars, two from Gabon gray parrots, and one from a duck) indicate that one or more additional serovars of C. psittaci exist in birds. The heterogeneity within each subgroup was evident because the 49 avian isolates gave 10 subgroups when the results of the five serovar-specific MAbs were combined with results from the three MAbs produced with ovine strains. This heterogeneity of the serovar isolates, as shown by the combination of MAbs, could provide strain markers very useful for epidemiologic studies.

Stimulatory effect of fatty acid treatment on glucose utilization in human erythrocytes.

We previously reported that treatment of human erythrocytes with bee venom phospholipase A2 increased the rate of lactate production from glucose. This increase was suggested to be mediated through liberation of free fatty acids from membrane phospholipids. So, in the present study we examined the mechanism of stimulation of glycolysis by fatty acids. Treatment of intact erythrocytes with most of the 15 fatty acids tested resulted in stimulation of lactate production from glucose. Among the fatty acids tested, myristoleic acid showed the highest stimulatory activity. The ratio of moles of lactate produced to those of glucose utilized was about 1.9 in both myristoleic acid-treated and untreated cells. Treatment of erythrocytes with myristoleic acid did not affect the amount of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Lactate production from D-glyceraldehyde, which is thought to be phosphorylated to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and then metabolized in the glycolytic pathway, was not at all affected by treatment of cells with myristoleic acid. The cross-over plot of glycolytic intermediates suggested that the enhancement of glycolysis was induced by activation of the 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) step. Fatty acids incorporated into erythrocytes were found to be present predominantly in the cytoplasm rather than in the plasma membrane. The PFK activity, but not the hexokinase activity, in hemolysates was clearly increased by a set of fatty acids, and myristoleic acid was again the most potent. However, partially purified human erythrocyte PFK was not activated by the acid. We conclude that fatty acids stimulate glycolysis through activation of PFK in cooperation with some other component(s) in erythrocytes.

[Investigation of mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Ruili region of Yunnan province].

The investigation of death condition of HIV infected intravenous drug users (IVDU) was conducted with a retrospective cohort study in Ruili city of Yunnan province from 1989-Oct to 1993-Oct, the deaths among 395 HIV+ IVDUs add up to 61 and the mortality is 15.4%, which has significant difference compared to the death level of control cohort composed by 192 HIV- IVDUs (add up to 18). The relative risk of death is 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.0-2.5). After classified by the cause of death, it was found that both maintain high accidence mortality caused mainly by narcotism, violence and suicide. But in death group caused by diseases, the mortality of HIV+ IVDU (8.4%) is much higher than HIV- IVDU (3.1%) (95% confidence interval 1.2-6.1). We also compared non-AIDS mortality between HIV+ and HIV- IVDU according to data of HIV/AIDS surveillance which showed 2 patients died of AIDS in HIV+ IVDU. The difference is also significant (13.8% in HIV+, but 7.9% in HIV- IVDU) and the relative risk is 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.0-2.8). The results indicated that the lever of reported AIDS cases were probably lower than that of actual AIDS cases existing.

Stimulatory effect of phospholipase A2 treatment on glucose utilization in human erythrocytes.

We examined whether modification of membrane phospholipids of human erythrocytes by hydrolysis with phospholipase A2 (PLA2 from bee venom) would affect glucose utilization, chosen as a typical model of intracellular metabolism, and, if so, intended to clarify the mechanism of the alteration of glycolysis. Treatment of erythrocytes with PLA2 induced a marked shape change (i.e., crenation) and significantly increased the rate of lactate production from glucose. Available evidence indicated that there is no relevance of this cell-shape change to the alteration of glycolysis. The lack of a detectable effect of papain treatment on glycolysis in PLA2-treated cells suggested that the increase in glycolysis by PLA2 treatment might not be caused by the conformational change of band-3 protein through modulation of membrane phospholipids. The result of the measurement of lactate production in the presence and absence of ouabain did not support the idea that hydrolysis of phospholipids by PLA2 treatment makes plasma membranes leaky to Na+ and consequently enhances glycolysis through activation of Na+/K(+)-ATPase. The action of PLA2 on glycolysis was abolished by extraction of free fatty acids in the cell membrane with bovine serum albumin. Loading erythrocytes with free fatty acid (oleic acid, linoleic acid, or arachidonic acid) caused a significant increase in glycolysis. Analysis of glycolytic intermediates suggested that the enhancement of glycolysis was induced by activation of 6-phosphofructokinase. The data, thus, indicate that treatment of human erythrocytes with PLA2 significantly accelerates glucose utilization and suggest that the stimulation of glycolysis is caused by activation of 6-phosphofructokinase through liberation of free fatty acids of membrane phospholipids by PLA2.